What kind of machine is needed to capture energy from biomass and how does it work?
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Biomass is simply energy that is obtained through a biological process, including plant growth (we burn the plants or their by products), or biological breakdown of the plant material. There’s basically three methods of converting biomass into energy.
Thermochemical. When plant matter is heated but not burned, it breaks down into various gases, liquids, and solids. These products can then be further processed and refined into useful fuels such as methane and alcohol. Biomass gasifiers capture methane released from the plants and burn it in a gas turbine to produce electricity. Another approach is to take these fuels and run them through fuel cells, converting the hydrogen-rich fuels into electricity and water, with few or no emissions.
Biochemical. Bacteria, yeasts, and enzymes also break down carbohydrates. Fermentation, the process used to make wine or beer, changes biomass liquids into alcohol, which is a combustible fuel. A similar process is used to turn corn into grain alcohol or ethanol, which is mixed with gasoline to make gasohol. Also, when bacteria break down biomass, methane and carbon dioxide are produced. This methane can be captured, in sewage treatment plants and landfills, for example, and burned for heat and power.
Chemical. Biomass oils, like soybean and canola oil, can be chemically converted into a liquid fuel similar to diesel fuel, and into gasoline additives. Cooking oil from restaurants, for example, has been used as a source to make biodiesel for trucks. Certain types of algae can also be used to produce biodiesel as the source of the oils.)